A monosaccharide that does not occur naturally, though produces lactose when combined with glucose.

An enzyme responsible for the breaking down of galactose.

A place made famous in Biology by Charles Darwin and his work in evolution, the Galapagos islands are populated by Darwin who founded his wo.

A malignant growth on plants usually due to attack by bacteria, viruses and fungi. The offending organisms are encapsulated in a circular case called a gall that isolated the threat of the disease bearing organism.

An organ that is responsible for storing bile in the body.

Concentrated calcium deposits that develop in the kidneys, can sometimes prove to be dangerous to the carrier and their health.

A gamete is a haploid cell that has half the genetic information than its parent cell possessed. When 2 join up, for instance human male sperm and female and egg gametes, the genetic information is linked together to make a diploid zygote.

A cell that is about to undergo meiosis and turn into 4 gamete cells.

Another name for meiosis where a diploid cell is divided into two haploid cells with half the chromosome content of the diploid parent cell.

A condition where tissue begins to decay due to bad circulation in that area, making it easy pray for infection to set in via bacteria.

A physician responsible for the first diagnosis of a genetically inherited disease with the assistance of background knowledge provided by Mendelian genetics. Archibald successfully done this in the beginning of the 20th century.

Relating to the stomach.

Glands in the stomach responsible for producing components of gastric juice.

Gastric juice is used in the stomach to breakdown foodstuff and eliminate any unwanted pathogens that have entered via the mouth and nose. The juices contain powerful d.

A hormone produced by gastrin cells that promote gastric juice secretion.

The inflammation of the intestinal tract that results in illness.

A specific location of genetic coding that possesses part of the building blocks of an organism. Each gene is tailor designed to have the information required for a particular function, and can be switched on and off on demand.

A stored copy of genetic information of a species in a preferred environment for conservation purposes. The information stored in these banks are priceless for DNA The man-operated process of extracting <a href=> from a host cell and implanting it to function in another type of cell.

All the alleles that code for a particular phenotype.

The activation of a gene that was previously switched off.

Pertaining to a gene that is active in nature (not dormant).

The movement of genes from different populations of species.

Sometimes geological events, or geographical barriers for example, can interrupt the free movements of genes in a species' population. This can lead to speciation over long periods of time due to subtle changes in the gene pool of each of the splinter groups on each side of the geographical barrier.

Activation of an inactive gene.

See gene flow.

See mutation.

The collective genomes of a species, the genetic diversity of a gene pool is determined by the variety of combinations of genes existing in the population.

The study of plants via their genotype and their environment.

Relating to humans of similar age, or the differentiation of family trees by parent and their offspring.

The time it takes for a parent cell to divide into two daughter cells.

The time it takes between one generation of sexually active organisms and their offspring to reach this stage.

Due to the cumulative advances in the field of genetics, it is now possible to inform and people about genetic inheritance, and provide counselling and information in regards to the possibilities of inheriting a particular family disease or trait.

Pertaining to genetic information that will not be passed on to offspring and therefore will not contribute to the gene pool of the species and its diversity. This is usually a result of an organism being unable or unwilling to reproduce.

The genetic diversity of a species, an ecosystem, or in fact anything living is a crucial indicator as to how life is coping over time in the environment that it exists in.

The varied species' gene pool inevitably means their are a diverse number of permutations in the genes that the gene pool consists of. A diverse gene pool is deemed genetically diverse.

The modification of genetic material by man that would otherwise be subject to the forces of nature only.

When the succession of a species is at its climate, and the most favourable genes are expressed frequently in a species where this gene pool is expressed for several generations due to its advantageous nature.

Pertaining to when the gene pool is expressing frequencies of alleles consistently the same over a period of time.

The difference between gene pools of species that creates a barrier when trying to create fertile offspring with one another. Many types of plant are crossed which produce sterile offspring, therefore isolati.

An expressed character that can be pinpointed to being activated from a particular marker on a chromosome.

The individual composition of material on genetic information that can identify one unique organism from another.

Relating to genes and genetic information.

Pathways that lead from the gonads to the exterior.

Pertaining to reproductive areas of an organism.

The entire genetic information contained within an organism that can be found within a nucleus of a typical cell in the organism.

The genetic sequences that will be responsible for the expression for a particular phenotype

Genotype Frequency

The frequency that a particular allele arises within a species, for example the coding of hair colour, where there may be a genetic frequency of 0.2, meaning for every organism, 0.2 have blonde hair, i.e. 1 blonde for every 5 organisms.

The taxonomic classication used as a prefix to a species, such as the genus HOMO sapiens.

A more exact taxonomic classification than the family taxon. Organisms sharing the same genus share many similarities but cannot produce fertiles offspring if not reproducing with a member of the same species.

The science dedicated to studying the geographical and ecological factors associated with plants.

A measurement of time starting from what is believed to the the beginning of the Earth at around 4 billion years ago.

A gamete

Germicide

Substances that kill micro-organisms (i.e. germs).

The initiation of growth in a dormant seed or bud.

The development of an embryo in the uterus of a mammal.

An acid that has promotes growth within a plant similar to the effects of other gibberellins.

A plant substance that promotes meristematic growth at the root and shoot tips, dithering from auxins which inhibit root growth in high concentrations.

A defect in humans caused by an over production of growth hormone from the pituitary gland, which results in the over-elongation of bones and creating a.

An organ found in aquatic animals that helps them to filter oxygen from the water to be used for respiration. They can be found internally or externally depending on the species, and exchange oxygen and CO2 between the internal and external environment.

A disease caused by various micro-organisms that inflames the gums, and is usually caused by excess tooth decay.

A period where much of land and sea mass is covered in ice via glaciers, which adversely affects the population of species due to the extreme circumstances of the environment.

A closely knitted structure of cappillaries found in vertebrate kidneys that is responsible for filtering the blood, by reabsorbing useful materials and excreting waste materials from the bloodstream and excretory organs.

A protein consisting of 29 amino acids that is produced by the Islets of Langerhans.

Glucose is the compound that is used as a means of energy in both animals and plants, obtained by animals via foodstuff and produced in the Calvin Cycle by plants. Glucose has a chemical formula of C6H12O6 and can occur in two forms, alpha and beta.

One of the 20 amino acids that are commonly found in proteins.

Glutamine

One of the 20 amino acids that are commonly found in proteins.

See PGAL.

See PGA.

See PGA.

A type of lipid that contains high amounts of energy in its chemical bonds, and therefore is a useful constituent in metabolism.

Derived from glucose, this carbohydrate is the stored form of energy in organisms, which can be converted back to glucose when required. Glycogen can be broken down into glucose with glucagon  while insulin converts glucose to glycogen.

The first stage of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. In aerobic respiration, this pyruvic acid enters the Kreb's cycle while during anaerobic respiration, the pyruvic acid is made though cannot enter the Kreb's cycle, and produces a net gain of 2 ATP from one glucose molecule.

Any type of protein that possesses a sugar within the molecule.

A condition where excess glucose in the bloodstream is excreted in urine, and is a common occurrence in diabetes sufferers, due to the inability to synthesise insulin to remove this excess blood sugar (glucose) into its storable form, glycogen.

An occurrence where a carbohydrate is added to a protein molecule, which can occur in the Golgi apparatus.

Wine glass shaped cells that secrete mucin.

A cell organelle named after the scientist who first described it. The golgi apparatus receives newly synthesised molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum and stores them. It also attaches extra components to the molecule, such as adding carbohydrate to a protein (glycosylation). When the molecule is in demand, it is secreted in the form of a vesicle, which contains the finished product.

The ovary or testis of an organism, found in the reproductive area.

Gonad Hormones

Hormones produced by the gonads.

See gonadotrophin.

Gonadotrophin

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland though can also be produced by the placenta in some animals during pregnanc.

The plural of granum.

Granulocytes are a type of leucocyte (white blood cell) that possesses granules in their cytoplasm, thus giving them their characteristic name.

Our white blood cell volume typically consists of around 70% granulocytes, the remainder being agranulocytes.

They can be further specialised into three different types, being basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils

Granum

Forming part of the lammelae in chloroplasts, a photosynthetic-capable cell.

Granum (pl. grana), are compacted areas containing many quantasomes, where their capabilities are harnessed in the photochemical stage of photosynthesis.

A term relating to the advantages that have been harnessed by mans better understanding of genetics. By determining the genotype of species such as maize, two organisms are deliberately crossed to produce a hybrid with desirable characteristics. Such pre-determined mating of organisms has resulted in increased crop yields for example, as a result of more productive crops as a result of them having the desirable characteristics from its parents.

Pertains the the way in which heat is trapped in the atmosphere, where increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere prevent heat from escaping and thus heating up the planet on a worldwide scale. The Kyoto agreement was made so that countries would reduce le.

The effect in greenhouses where short wavelengths of light are transmitted and longer wavelengths are absorbed and re-radiated which heats up the interior of the greenhouse.

A passive behavioural occurrence in animals used to greet another organism, commonly executed for mating purposes. Also see Threat Display.

The irreversible increase of dry mass in an organism.

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that in essence promotes a wide range of activities in the body which stimulate growth. Generally, this will involve promoting protein synthesis, while the hormone also promotes the lengthening of bones which will help to provide support for the future growth of the organism.

One of the four bases found in DNA, guanine forms part of a nucleotide that has a complimentary pairing with cytosine, another b.

A pair of cells found on each side of a stomatal opening, which has properties enabling the contraction and expansion of the stomatal pore.