A bone found in the arm of tetrapods which articulates proximally with the humerus.

A type of centrifuge capable of spinning at 500 000 rpm, that is half a million revolutions per minute, which is used to separate tiny particles from one another due to the force involved.

The close detail of a cell, with all organelles visible, that can be seen by using an electron microscope.

A type of light which has a higher wavelength to that of visible light. UV light has been found to have mutagenic properties.

The cord in placental mammals that joins the embryo and the placenta together, where the placenta provides nutrients to the embryo via the umbilical cord while at the same time transporting the waste material from the baby.

Any organism or species overall perception of their current surroundings and previous experience, which will be unique to each organism.

Pertaining to plants that do not bear offensive structures like thorns, therefore the meaning of an 'unarmed' plant.

The vegetation that occupies the area between a canopy and the ground, where most light is blocked out by the canopy, a typical characteristics of a rain forest.

A genetic defect occurring in crossing over where one of the homologous chromosomes receives more genetic information from the other chromosome than it passes over, therefore meaning that one of them has duplicated information while the other lacks the ex.

See acellular, of the same meaning.

A genetic sequence of DNA that is unique, and therefore does not appear anywhere else in the genome.

Species that contain distinct male and female organisms like humans.

A chromosome that fails to pair with another during the prophase stage of meiosis, and therefore does not exchange genetic information via crossing over. This situation usually occurs in polyploids with an odd chromosome compliment, such as triploids.

Pertaining to the compatability between donors and recipients of blood and their respective blood types. Donors with an O blood type are said to be universal donors, because their blood will not react with A or B antigens in the AB A and B blood groupds. The rule of thumb with blood transfusion is that A groups cannot be mixed with B groups.

One of the bases that is found on nucleotides of an RNA chain, which replaces thymine from the original DNA template and therefore pairs with adenine in RNA.

A molecules created from ammonia and carbon dioxide as a result of the urea cycle.

See Ornithine Cycle.

Urea Cycle / Ornithine Cycle

A cycle found in the liver of mammals involving the breakdown of amino acids. From this breakdown, ammonia is produced which binds with carbon dioxide to form urea, which will then be excreted into the external environment.

An enzyme that transforms urease into ammonia and carbon dioxide.

The duct responsible for transporting urine from the kidney to the bladder where it will be excreted sometime soon via the urethra.

The duct responsible for discharging urine from the bladder to the external environment. The urethra in male organisms is also responsible for transporting semen for reproductive purposes.

The waste products produced from metabolism.

Uriniferous Tubule

A coil like tube that leads from the Bowman's capsule found in the kidneys to the collecting tubes that transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Due to the close association of reproductive and excretory organs, the urinogenital system incorporates both of these together.

An enlarged section of the oviduct where the embryo has enough space to develop. The uterus is also known as the womb in humans.