The administering of a vaccine. Governments often promote vaccination programs to render whole populations immune to undesirable diseases.

A process where live (usually weakened) or dead pathogens are implanted into an organism to bring about a specific immune response. This is done so the recipient of the vaccine can develop antibodies specific to the pathogen in the event of a real attack.

The membrane that surrounds a A type of vacuole

Vacuolation

The formation of a vacuole

A membrane bound component of a cell found in the cytoplasm. The vacuole contains important elements and molecules required by the organism such as food, air and water and cell sap in plants.

Behaviour by animals independent of any particular stimulus, there seemingly the behaviour is not induced.

The area where the penis is inserted for reproductive purposes in fertilisation of mammals, and in due course, the passage way in which the unborn child enters the world.

One of the cranial nerves in vertebrates found at the floor of the brain that controls many of the parameters involved in the parasympathetic nervous system. The lungs and vocal chords are also the responsibility of the vagus nerve when regarding the nerv.

An abbreviation for valine, an amino acid.

A name that can be used by a taxonomist because it is not already used to classify another species.

One of 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.

The opening 'lid' found on some anthers.

Any type of tissue that regulated the flow of liquid in one direction, where the liquid cannot go in the opposite direction (like the valves found in the mammalian heart).

A type of duct that conveys sperm from the testis to the tip of the penis and thus the external environment, in one way or another. The Vas Deferens and its' source and destination depends on the species at hand.

The collective term used to describe the transport system of the plant, primarily consisting of xylem and phloem tissue.

A safe, common surgical operation that involves the cutting of the vas deferens, to prevent the successful discharge of sperm from the testis to the external environment. In light of these, the organism undergoing the vasectomy will effectively be sterile.

Any small sac-like structure in the body, for instance, after protein synthesis, after the protein has been processed in the Golgi apparatus a glycoprotein vesicle is "pinched" off in the form of a vesicle, that can travel towards its destination and be secreted.

Structures that were previously an important part of an organisms anatomy, but has no longer a function in today's environment. There are two good examples of this in humans, the appendix and the coccyx bone, which was previously the tail of our primate a.

See striated muscle

Vitamins

Vitamins are required by numerous species, including ourselves for a balanced diet. The actual vitamins that are required differ between species, as does the ability to synthesize protein within their own body.

More information pertaining to a balanced vitamin diet is available in the developmental biology tutorial